74 PRS Proofreading and Editing Service PhD Experts • All Academic Areas • Fast Turnaround • High Quality of pp.222-223), but only if the guidelines you’re following clearly indicate that this is permitted; if in doubt or deciding for yourself, use the full number on both sides of the hyphen or dash. If the source you’re quoting does not have page numbers (many online sources, for instance, do not), try to be as precise as possible about the location of the words you quote so your reader can find the passage: (Smith, 2007, Discussion section, para. 4) is a good APA example. However, some styles and guidelines will ask that authors do not provide paragraph numbers unless the paragraphs are already numbered in the source. It was once the case that double quotation marks (“ ”) were seen as more American and single ones (‘ ’) as more British, but both kinds are used for direct quotation in both forms of English now, and interestingly, it is Harvard referencing that calls for single quotation marks on direct quotations from sources, reserving double quotation marks for direct speech. Many journal guidelines and some style manuals will have little or nothing to say on the matter, but the quotation examples they provide will sometimes help you determine which type of marks to use: both APA and Vancouver styles, for instance, show examples using double quotation marks. Articles already published by a journal will also provide examples to consult, but you will often find that one paper uses one kind and one another. This means that either is acceptable to the journal, so you will need to choose which to use, with the key being to use the same type of quotation marks whenever you are quoting a source directly. It is also a good idea to use the other type of quotation marks when you are not quoting but using quotation marks only to emphasise words and phrases: double quotation marks for direct quotations, for example, and single ones for emphasis (or vice versa). In this way, you make it clear to your readers exactly when you are quoting from a source and when you are not. In this guide, for instance, letters, words, PARt II: PRePARIng, PResentIng And PolIsHIng YoUR woRk