Lie, Lie and Lay: Three Challenging English Verbs and How To Use Them Properly in Your Thesis or Dissertation
English presents many challenges for students who are writing a thesis or dissertation in the language. This is obviously the case for scholars who are not native speakers of English, but there are certain English words that are very tricky indeed to use correctly, even for native speakers of the language. The three verbs ‘to lie’ (to tell a falsehood), ‘to lie’ (to recline) and ‘to lay’ (to set something or someone down) are among these words, with errors in their use common in both speech and writing of all kinds – even academic and scientific writing, in which such mistakes should always be avoided.
The verb ‘to lie’ with the meaning ‘to tell a falsehood’ is an intransitive verb, so it does not require a direct object. Conjugating it is straightforward, with all forms of the simple present tense using ‘lie,’ except the third person singular, which takes the form ‘lies’: ‘I lie’ and ‘they lie,’ but ‘he lies.’ The simple past tense is also uncomplicated, with all forms being ‘lied’: “I lied,’ ‘he lied,’ ‘we lied’ and so on. The past participle is the same as the simple past, and ‘lying’ is the present participle, so with an auxiliary verb the correct forms are ‘he had lied’ and ‘he was lying.’ The most common error associated with this verb is the use of its past tense or past participle ‘lied’ when the past tense or past participle of the other verb ‘to lie’ (meaning ‘to recline’) is actually intended.
The verb ‘to lie’ with the meaning ‘to recline’ is also an intransitive verb, so it does not take a direct object either, but some of its forms differ from the verb I have discussed above. The simple present tense is straightforward and exactly the same as the forms of the other ‘to lie’: ‘I lie down’ and ‘they lie down,’ but ‘she lies down.’ However, the simple past tense is a little more complicated because the base of the verb changes, with ‘lay’ being the correct form for all voices: ‘I lay down,’ ‘she lay down,’ ‘they lay down’ and so on. The present participle is ‘lying,’ so ‘she is lying down’ is right, but the past participle is ‘lain.’ This means that ‘he has lain down,’ meaning ‘he has reclined,’ is the correct form when using an auxiliary verb. Please note that ‘he has lied down,’ though a relatively common error, is incorrect, and so is ‘he lied down’ for the simple past, so both of those constructions should be strictly avoided in scholarly prose.
The verb ‘to lay’ with the meaning ‘to set something or someone down’ is usually a transitive verb, so it takes a direct object – namely, whatever is set down. The simple present tense is ‘lay’ (exactly and dangerously like the past tense of the verb ‘to lie’ meaning ‘to recline’), except in the third person singular, which uses ‘lays’: ‘I lay the book on the desk’ and ‘they lay the book on the desk,’ but ‘he lays the book on the desk.’ Both the simple past tense and the past participle take the form ‘laid’: ‘I laid the book on the desk,’ ‘they laid the book on the desk’ and ‘she has laid the book on the desk.’ The present participle is ‘laying,’ so ‘I am laying the book on the desk’ is correct. Remember that both ‘to lay’ and ‘to lie’ (meaning ‘to recline’) have many different applications and subtleties of meaning in English, so careful thought is always required when using either of these verbs.
