73 PRS Proofreading and Editing Service PhD Experts • All Academic Areas • Fast Turnaround • High Quality stops and commas (‘According to McGraw and Hill,1 …’) and precede colons and semi-colons (‘The following categories are considered in McGraw and Hill1 : …’). Again, however, journal guidelines sometimes call for slightly different placement (before commas and full stops, for example), so always check those guidelines. Whether you’re using an author-date or a numerical referencing style for your in-text citations, you will need to provide a page number (or page numbers) when you quote directly from a source. The format for recording page numbers varies from style to style: • APA: (Smith, 2010, p. 222) and for multiple pages (Smith, 2010, pp. 222-223) • Chicago: (Smith 2010, 222) and for multiple pages (Smith 2010, 222–223) • Harvard: (Smith, 2010:p.222) and for multiple pages (Smith, 2010:pp.222-223) • Vancouver in parentheses or square brackets: Smith (1 p222) and for multiple pages Smith [1 pp222-223] • Vancouver in superscript font: Smith1(p222) and for multiple pages Smith1(pp222-223) • MLA (Modern Language Association), which cites page numbers even when there is no direct quotation: (Smith 222) and for multiple pages (Smith 222-223) Notice that the punctuation between page numbers is usually a hyphen, but sometimes (in the case of Chicago referencing above, for instance, and also in the reference examples provided by some journals) a longer dash is used: either way, there should be no space on either side of the hyphen or dash. Beyond that, spacing varies between styles, and so does the use of a full stop after p. or pp. Page ranges can be condensed in format (pp.222-23 or pp.222-3 instead PARt II: PRePARIng, PResentIng And PolIsHIng YoUR woRk